Tether Q4 2025 Report: USDT Market Cap Nears $190 Billion, Multiple Metrics Reach All-Time Highs
Original Title: USDT Q4 2025 Market Report
Original Source: Philip Gradwell, Vice President of Economics at Tether
Original Translation: Saoirse, Foresight News
USDT reached several new highs in the fourth quarter of 2025, as follows:
· Market capitalization reached $1.873 trillion;
· Achieved over 30 million user growth for the eighth consecutive quarter;
· The number of on-chain wallets holding USDT saw the largest quarterly increase;
· Monthly active on-chain users reached a historical high;
· Both the number and value of on-chain transfers hit all-time highs.
Meanwhile, the cryptocurrency settlement cascade event on October 10, 2025, has slowed the growth rate of the stablecoin ecosystem. Between October 10, 2025, and February 1, 2026, the total cryptocurrency market capitalization plunged by over a third, while during this period, USDT's market cap grew by 3.5%; in comparison, the market caps of the second and third largest stablecoins fell by 2.6% and 57%, respectively.
The continued growth of USDT relies not only on the cryptocurrency market but also on various applications outside the market. Data clearly shows that users tend to view USDT as a stablecoin that can both store wealth and facilitate transactions.
These conclusions are mainly based on Tether's analysis of blockchain data (also known as on-chain data). The on-chain data of 75 stablecoins across 15 blockchains are sourced from two institutions, Chainalysis and Artemis.
Market Capitalization
In the fourth quarter of 2025, USDT's market cap grew by $12.4 billion, reaching $1.873 trillion. The month-over-month growth rate in October was 4.9%, but its growth rate slowed after the cryptocurrency settlement event on October 10.

Reserves
In the fourth quarter of 2025, Tether's total reserves increased by $11.7 billion, reaching $1.929 trillion, with a net asset (the part where assets exceed liabilities) of $6.3 billion. The total reserves include 96,184 bitcoins (an addition of 9,850 bitcoins in the fourth quarter) and 127.5 metric tons of gold (an addition of 21.9 metric tons in the fourth quarter).

In the fourth quarter, Tether's total holding of US Treasury bonds increased by $6.5 billion, reaching $141.6 billion. If Tether is considered a "country," its US Treasury bond holdings would rank 18th globally, surpassing Saudi Arabia and Germany.

Throughout the full year 2025, Tether acquired a total of $28.2 billion in US Treasury bonds. In the past 12 months, compared to other countries' holdings, Tether has become the seventh-largest buyer of US Treasury bonds, with purchases exceeding those of Taiwan and South Korea.

Total User Count
In the fourth quarter of 2025, the estimated total user count of USDT increased by 35.2 million, reaching 534.5 million. This marks the eighth consecutive quarter of achieving over 30 million user growth for this stablecoin. The user count here includes two parts: on-chain wallet users (users who have received USDT and held it for at least 24 hours) and estimated users who have received USDT on centralized service platforms (such as cryptocurrency exchanges).

On-Chain Holders
In the fourth quarter of 2025, the number of on-chain wallet users holding USDT increased by 14.7 million, reaching a total of 139.1 million, setting a record for single-quarter growth. Wallets holding USDT account for 70.7% of all wallets holding stablecoins. In addition to on-chain wallet users, it is estimated that over 100 million users hold USDT on centralized service platforms such as exchanges.

The structure of USDT on-chain holders remains relatively stable, with the following distribution:
- "Fully Reserved" holders (wallet users who retain all USDT received) account for 30.8%;
- "Saver" holders (wallet users with an average retention rate of less than 100% but higher than 2/3 after receiving USDT) account for 6.7%;
- "Transactor" holders (wallet users with an average retention rate of less than 2/3 after receiving USDT) account for 62.6%.
Compared to all other stablecoins, USDT has a higher proportion of "Saver" and "Fully Reserved" holders (USDT at 37.5%, other stablecoins collectively at 30%). Among all stablecoin saver wallets, 75.1% choose to hold USDT, indicating that USDT remains the preferred wealth storage stablecoin for users.
On-chain Active Users
By the fourth quarter of 2025, the monthly active on-chain users of USDT (wallet users who have received USDT at least once during a 30-day rolling period) averaged 24.8 million, reaching a record high. This indicates a continuous increase in USDT user activity. This number accounts for 68.4% of the total monthly active stablecoin users.

Holdings Distribution Among Different User Types
As of the end of the fourth quarter of 2025, 36% of USDT holdings were concentrated on centralized exchanges (CEX), up 2.8 percentage points from the end of the third quarter. This change was partly due to a decrease in USDT holdings on decentralized exchanges (DEX) and decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms after the October 10 cryptocurrency rout: in the fourth quarter, USDT holdings on DEX and DeFi platforms decreased by $3 billion (a 2-percentage-point decrease), to $7.1 billion, accounting for 3.8% of total USDT holdings.
The second-highest holding percentage comes from saving-type users, accounting for 33%, with "pure saving" users holding 17.4% and other "saving" users holding 15.6%. In the fourth quarter, saving-type users' USDT holdings increased by $2.9 billion, reaching a total of $62.1 billion by the end of the quarter. As mentioned earlier, USDT not only attracted the most saving-type users but also held the highest value in terms of savings: USDT accounts for 59.9% of the savings value of all stablecoins; if wallets holding more than $10 million are excluded (these wallets are mostly exchanges' cold wallets), USDT's share rises to 77.3%.
"Transfer-type" users rank third in terms of holdings, accounting for 26.5% at the end of the fourth quarter. During the third to fourth quarter period, this percentage remained relatively stable, and "transfer-type" users' holdings increased by $2.2 billion, reflecting the continued improvement in USDT's liquidity in transactional applications.

It is important to note that the total holdings size calculated here is slightly higher than USDT's market capitalization because the total holdings include USDT that has not yet been issued from the Tether treasury, while the market capitalization only considers USDT in a net circulation state.
On-chain Transfer Value in USD
In the fourth quarter of 2025, the quarterly on-chain transfer value of USDT increased by $248.6 billion, reaching $4.4 trillion, hitting a record high. Out of this $4.4 trillion total quarterly transfer amount, $2.8 trillion (63.6% share) was transfers containing only USDT as the asset, and $1.6 trillion (36.4% share) was transfers containing multiple assets (these transfers usually occur in DeFi exchange scenarios).
In single-asset transfers involving stablecoins, USDT accounts for 65.9% of the value transferred; in multi-asset transfers involving stablecoins, USDT accounts for 34.6% of the value. This data indicates that USDT remains the preferred stablecoin for value transfer by users, while other stablecoins are more often used in value exchange scenarios, with USDT being the common exchange pair.

On-Chain Transfer Volume
In the fourth quarter of 2025, the quarterly on-chain transfer volume of USDT increased by 313 million transactions to reach 2.2 billion transactions, setting a new record high. Within these 2.2 billion quarterly transfers:
· Transfers with amounts below $1,000 occurred 1.94 billion times, accounting for 88.2%;
· Transfers with amounts ranging from $1,000 to $100,000 occurred 256 million times, accounting for 11.6%;
· Transfers with amounts exceeding $100,000 occurred 4.6 million times, accounting for 0.2%.

Circulation Velocity
As of the end of the fourth quarter of 2025, calculated by a 7-day moving average, USDT's circulation velocity (the daily transaction amount as a percentage of total holdings) stood at 18.2%. This value is lower than the peak of 51.8% on November 5th (driven by a surge in DeFi activity) and is close to levels seen before the second quarter of 2025 (when Bitcoin prices were similar to this quarter).
In the fourth quarter, the average circulation velocity of USDT was 28%, significantly lower than the circulation velocity of the second-largest stablecoin at 151%. The relatively lower circulation velocity of USDT indicates stronger user retention, higher stability, and as mentioned later in this text, a more diverse range of use cases.

The circulation velocity of USDT naturally varies depending on the use case: users holding USDT for savings purposes have a lower circulation velocity (as users typically choose to hold rather than transfer). The circulation velocity of "full savings-type" users is naturally 0, while in 2025, the daily average circulation velocity of "savings-type" users is 4%.
The on-chain circulation velocity of centralized exchanges is also lower, with a daily average circulation velocity of 11% in 2025. This is because users hold USDT on centralized exchanges, which can be used for savings or trading—however, as mentioned in the next section, trading volumes on exchanges are recorded on a centralized order book, not on the blockchain, making the scale of USDT transferred from centralized exchanges via the blockchain relatively lower compared to the holdings on the exchanges.
High-circulation scenarios for USDT include:
· "Transfer-type" Wallets: In 2025, the average daily circulation rate was 51%. The purposes of transferring USDT in these wallets are diverse, including payments, remittances, transferring funds between different exchanges, etc.;
· DEX and DeFi Platforms: In 2025, the average daily circulation rate was 111%. Circulation speed in such scenarios is usually very high because DEX transactions are recorded on the blockchain, and users may engage in multiple transactions in a single day, ultimately resulting in a circulation rate exceeding 100%.
Of the USDT market cap, 67% is distributed in low-circulation speed scenarios, and 33% is distributed in high-circulation speed scenarios. This distribution both ensures stability through low-circulation speed scenarios and ensures liquidity through high-circulation speed scenarios.

Spot Market
In the fourth quarter of 2025, the USDT spot trading volume on centralized exchanges was $32 trillion, with 96.5% quoted against USDT and the remainder quoted against other assets. Due to the cryptocurrency liquidation wave on October 10th, the trading volume decreased by 5.9% compared to the third quarter. However, since the trading volume of all other assets decreased by 11.5% compared to the third quarter, USDT's share of the total spot market trading volume increased by 1.5 percentage points to reach 61.5%.
In the fourth quarter, there were 14.1 billion USDT spot trading transactions, accounting for 80% of all spot trading transactions in that quarter.

Conclusion
In the fourth quarter of 2025, USDT set multiple historical highs, although growth slowed after the cryptocurrency liquidation wave on October 10th. However, the data shows that the cryptocurrency market is not the sole driver of USDT's growth.
Compared to other stablecoins, user preference for saving USDT is significantly higher (among all stablecoin savings wallets, USDT accounts for 75%; in wallets with savings value below $10 million, USDT accounts for 77%), providing a source of demand for USDT's stability and low circulation speed.
In high-circulation transactional medium application scenarios, USDT also holds a leading position: in single-asset transfer value involving stablecoins, USDT accounts for 65.9%; whereas in multi-asset transfer value involving stablecoins, USDT accounts for 34.6%. This phenomenon indicates that USDT is still the preferred stablecoin for value transfer by users, while other stablecoins are more commonly used for value exchange (often exchanging for USDT). These high-circulation scenarios provide USDT with ample liquidity, ensuring its wide availability and acceptance.
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Foreword: Today, the People's Bank of China's website published the "Notice of the People's Bank of China, National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Public Security, State Administration for Market Regulation, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, China Securities Regulatory Commission, State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Further Preventing and Dealing with Risks Related to Virtual Currency and Others (Yinfa [2026] No. 42)", the latest regulatory requirements from the eight departments including the central bank, which are basically consistent with the regulatory requirements of recent years. The main focus of the regulation is on speculative activities such as virtual currency trading, exchanges, ICOs, overseas platform services, and this time, regulatory oversight of RWA has been added, explicitly prohibiting RWA tokenization, stablecoins (especially those pegged to the RMB). The following is the full text:
To the people's governments of all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government, the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps:
Recently, there have been speculative activities related to virtual currency and Real-World Assets (RWA) tokenization, disrupting the economic and financial order and jeopardizing the property security of the people. In order to further prevent and address the risks related to virtual currency and Real-World Assets tokenization, effectively safeguard national security and social stability, in accordance with the "Law of the People's Republic of China on the People's Bank of China," "Law of the People's Republic of China on Commercial Banks," "Securities Law of the People's Republic of China," "Law of the People's Republic of China on Securities Investment Funds," "Law of the People's Republic of China on Futures and Derivatives," "Cybersecurity Law of the People's Republic of China," "Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of Renminbi," "Regulations on Prevention and Disposal of Illegal Fundraising," "Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Foreign Exchange Administration," "Telecommunications Regulations of the People's Republic of China," and other provisions, after reaching consensus with the Cyberspace Administration of China, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuratorate, and with the approval of the State Council, the relevant matters are notified as follows:
(I) Virtual currency does not possess the legal status equivalent to fiat currency. Virtual currencies such as Bitcoin, Ether, Tether, etc., have the main characteristics of being issued by non-monetary authorities, using encryption technology and distributed ledger or similar technology, existing in digital form, etc. They do not have legal tender status, should not and cannot be circulated and used as currency in the market.
The business activities related to virtual currency are classified as illegal financial activities. The exchange of fiat currency and virtual currency within the territory, exchange of virtual currencies, acting as a central counterparty in buying and selling virtual currencies, providing information intermediary and pricing services for virtual currency transactions, token issuance financing, and trading of virtual currency-related financial products, etc., fall under illegal financial activities, such as suspected illegal issuance of token vouchers, unauthorized public issuance of securities, illegal operation of securities and futures business, illegal fundraising, etc., are strictly prohibited across the board and resolutely banned in accordance with the law. Overseas entities and individuals are not allowed to provide virtual currency-related services to domestic entities in any form.
A stablecoin pegged to a fiat currency indirectly fulfills some functions of the fiat currency in circulation. Without the consent of relevant authorities in accordance with the law and regulations, any domestic or foreign entity or individual is not allowed to issue a RMB-pegged stablecoin overseas.
(II)Tokenization of Real-World Assets refers to the use of encryption technology and distributed ledger or similar technologies to transform ownership rights, income rights, etc., of assets into tokens (tokens) or other interests or bond certificates with token (token) characteristics, and carry out issuance and trading activities.
Engaging in the tokenization of real-world assets domestically, as well as providing related intermediary, information technology services, etc., which are suspected of illegal issuance of token vouchers, unauthorized public offering of securities, illegal operation of securities and futures business, illegal fundraising, and other illegal financial activities, shall be prohibited; except for relevant business activities carried out with the approval of the competent authorities in accordance with the law and regulations and relying on specific financial infrastructures. Overseas entities and individuals are not allowed to illegally provide services related to the tokenization of real-world assets to domestic entities in any form.
(III) Inter-agency Coordination. The People's Bank of China, together with the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security, the State Administration for Market Regulation, the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, and other departments, will improve the work mechanism, strengthen coordination with the Cyberspace Administration of China, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuratorate, coordinate efforts, and overall guide regions to carry out risk prevention and disposal of virtual currency-related illegal financial activities.
The China Securities Regulatory Commission, together with the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security, the People's Bank of China, the State Administration for Market Regulation, the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, and other departments, will improve the work mechanism, strengthen coordination with the Cyberspace Administration of China, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuratorate, coordinate efforts, and overall guide regions to carry out risk prevention and disposal of illegal financial activities related to the tokenization of real-world assets.
(IV) Strengthening Local Implementation. The people's governments at the provincial level are overall responsible for the prevention and disposal of risks related to virtual currencies and the tokenization of real-world assets in their respective administrative regions. The specific leading department is the local financial regulatory department, with participation from branches and dispatched institutions of the State Council's financial regulatory department, telecommunications regulators, public security, market supervision, and other departments, in coordination with cyberspace departments, courts, and procuratorates, to improve the normalization of the work mechanism, effectively connect with the relevant work mechanisms of central departments, form a cooperative and coordinated working pattern between central and local governments, effectively prevent and properly handle risks related to virtual currencies and the tokenization of real-world assets, and maintain economic and financial order and social stability.
(5) Enhanced Risk Monitoring. The People's Bank of China, China Securities Regulatory Commission, National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Public Security, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, Cyberspace Administration of China, and other departments continue to improve monitoring techniques and system support, enhance cross-departmental data analysis and sharing, establish sound information sharing and cross-validation mechanisms, promptly grasp the risk situation of activities related to virtual currency and real-world asset tokenization. Local governments at all levels give full play to the role of local monitoring and early warning mechanisms. Local financial regulatory authorities, together with branches and agencies of the State Council's financial regulatory authorities, as well as departments of cyberspace and public security, ensure effective connection between online monitoring, offline investigation, and fund tracking, efficiently and accurately identify activities related to virtual currency and real-world asset tokenization, promptly share risk information, improve early warning information dissemination, verification, and rapid response mechanisms.
(6) Strengthened Oversight of Financial Institutions, Intermediaries, and Technology Service Providers. Financial institutions (including non-bank payment institutions) are prohibited from providing account opening, fund transfer, and clearing services for virtual currency-related business activities, issuing and selling financial products related to virtual currency, including virtual currency and related financial products in the scope of collateral, conducting insurance business related to virtual currency, or including virtual currency in the scope of insurance liability. Financial institutions (including non-bank payment institutions) are prohibited from providing custody, clearing, and settlement services for unauthorized real-world asset tokenization-related business and related financial products. Relevant intermediary institutions and information technology service providers are prohibited from providing intermediary, technical, or other services for unauthorized real-world asset tokenization-related businesses and related financial products.
(7) Enhanced Management of Internet Information Content and Access. Internet enterprises are prohibited from providing online business venues, commercial displays, marketing, advertising, or paid traffic diversion services for virtual currency and real-world asset tokenization-related business activities. Upon discovering clues of illegal activities, they should promptly report to relevant departments and provide technical support and assistance for related investigations and inquiries. Based on the clues transferred by the financial regulatory authorities, the cyberspace administration, telecommunications authorities, and public security departments should promptly close and deal with websites, mobile applications (including mini-programs), and public accounts engaged in virtual currency and real-world asset tokenization-related business activities in accordance with the law.
(8) Strengthened Entity Registration and Advertisement Management. Market supervision departments strengthen entity registration and management, and enterprise and individual business registrations must not contain terms such as "virtual currency," "virtual asset," "cryptocurrency," "crypto asset," "stablecoin," "real-world asset tokenization," or "RWA" in their names or business scopes. Market supervision departments, together with financial regulatory authorities, legally enhance the supervision of advertisements related to virtual currency and real-world asset tokenization, promptly investigating and handling relevant illegal advertisements.
(IX) Continued Rectification of Virtual Currency Mining Activities. The National Development and Reform Commission, together with relevant departments, strictly controls virtual currency mining activities, continuously promotes the rectification of virtual currency mining activities. The people's governments of various provinces take overall responsibility for the rectification of "mining" within their respective administrative regions. In accordance with the requirements of the National Development and Reform Commission and other departments in the "Notice on the Rectification of Virtual Currency Mining Activities" (NDRC Energy-saving Building [2021] No. 1283) and the provisions of the "Guidance Catalog for Industrial Structure Adjustment (2024 Edition)," a comprehensive review, investigation, and closure of existing virtual currency mining projects are conducted, new mining projects are strictly prohibited, and mining machine production enterprises are strictly prohibited from providing mining machine sales and other services within the country.
(X) Severe Crackdown on Related Illegal Financial Activities. Upon discovering clues to illegal financial activities related to virtual currency and the tokenization of real-world assets, local financial regulatory authorities, branches of the State Council's financial regulatory authorities, and other relevant departments promptly investigate, determine, and properly handle the issues in accordance with the law, and seriously hold the relevant entities and individuals legally responsible. Those suspected of crimes are transferred to the judicial authorities for processing according to the law.
(XI) Severe Crackdown on Related Illegal and Criminal Activities. The Ministry of Public Security, the People's Bank of China, the State Administration for Market Regulation, the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, as well as judicial and procuratorial organs, in accordance with their respective responsibilities, rigorously crack down on illegal and criminal activities related to virtual currency, the tokenization of real-world assets, such as fraud, money laundering, illegal business operations, pyramid schemes, illegal fundraising, and other illegal and criminal activities carried out under the guise of virtual currency, the tokenization of real-world assets, etc.
(XII) Strengthen Industry Self-discipline. Relevant industry associations should enhance membership management and policy advocacy, based on their own responsibilities, advocate and urge member units to resist illegal financial activities related to virtual currency and the tokenization of real-world assets. Member units that violate regulatory policies and industry self-discipline rules are to be disciplined in accordance with relevant self-regulatory management regulations. By leveraging various industry infrastructure, conduct risk monitoring related to virtual currency, the tokenization of real-world assets, and promptly transfer issue clues to relevant departments.
(XIII) Without the approval of relevant departments in accordance with the law and regulations, domestic entities and foreign entities controlled by them may not issue virtual currency overseas.
(XIV) Domestic entities engaging directly or indirectly in overseas external debt-based tokenization of real-world assets, or conducting asset securitization activities abroad based on domestic ownership rights, income rights, etc. (hereinafter referred to as domestic equity), should be strictly regulated in accordance with the principles of "same business, same risk, same rules." The National Development and Reform Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, and other relevant departments regulate it according to their respective responsibilities. For other forms of overseas real-world asset tokenization activities based on domestic equity by domestic entities, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, together with relevant departments, supervise according to their division of responsibilities. Without the consent and filing of relevant departments, no unit or individual may engage in the above-mentioned business.
(15) Overseas subsidiaries and branches of domestic financial institutions providing Real World Asset Tokenization-related services overseas shall do so legally and prudently. They shall have professional personnel and systems in place to effectively mitigate business risks, strictly implement customer onboarding, suitability management, anti-money laundering requirements, and incorporate them into the domestic financial institutions' compliance and risk management system. Intermediaries and information technology service providers offering Real World Asset Tokenization services abroad based on domestic equity or conducting Real World Asset Tokenization business in the form of overseas debt for domestic entities directly or indirectly venturing abroad must strictly comply with relevant laws and regulations. They should establish and improve relevant compliance and internal control systems in accordance with relevant normative requirements, strengthen business and risk control, and report the business developments to the relevant regulatory authorities for approval or filing.
(16) Strengthen organizational leadership and overall coordination. All departments and regions should attach great importance to the prevention of risks related to virtual currencies and Real World Asset Tokenization, strengthen organizational leadership, clarify work responsibilities, form a long-term effective working mechanism with centralized coordination, local implementation, and shared responsibilities, maintain high pressure, dynamically monitor risks, effectively prevent and mitigate risks in an orderly and efficient manner, legally protect the property security of the people, and make every effort to maintain economic and financial order and social stability.
(17) Widely carry out publicity and education. All departments, regions, and industry associations should make full use of various media and other communication channels to disseminate information through legal and policy interpretation, analysis of typical cases, and education on investment risks, etc. They should promote the illegality and harm of virtual currencies and Real World Asset Tokenization-related businesses and their manifestations, fully alert to potential risks and hidden dangers, and enhance public awareness and identification capabilities for risk prevention.
(18) Engaging in illegal financial activities related to virtual currencies and Real World Asset Tokenization in violation of this notice, as well as providing services for virtual currencies and Real World Asset Tokenization-related businesses, shall be punished in accordance with relevant regulations. If it constitutes a crime, criminal liability shall be pursued according to the law. For domestic entities and individuals who knowingly or should have known that overseas entities illegally provided virtual currency or Real World Asset Tokenization-related services to domestic entities and still assisted them, relevant responsibilities shall be pursued according to the law. If it constitutes a crime, criminal liability shall be pursued according to the law.
(19) If any unit or individual invests in virtual currencies, Real World Asset Tokens, and related financial products against public order and good customs, the relevant civil legal actions shall be invalid, and any resulting losses shall be borne by them. If there are suspicions of disrupting financial order and jeopardizing financial security, the relevant departments shall deal with them according to the law.
This notice shall enter into force upon the date of its issuance. The People's Bank of China and ten other departments' "Notice on Further Preventing and Dealing with the Risks of Virtual Currency Trading Speculation" (Yinfa [2021] No. 237) is hereby repealed.

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